Three geopolitical zones were selected for sampling: North West, North Central, and South South. The final sample includes 3,599 households and 1,122 small and medium sized enterprises from 225 enumeration areas across the three geopolitical zones. This data provides important insight into actual energy supply quality and use among ‘electrified’ communities and can be used to improve models of energy demand in similar but currently ‘un-electrified’ communities. Our sample is representative of grid-electrified rural and peri-urban regions across three geopolitical zones with large energy access deficits. They also capture preferences, trust in institutions and several gender-disaggregated variables. The surveys provide data on household and enterprise characteristics, energy supply and consumption. The questionnaires used draw from specific modules within established surveys capturing energy-related data, most directly from the Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access surveys 7. Data collection followed extensive stakeholder discussions in Nigeria under the PeopleSuN project to define the data gap and the necessary survey and sampling strategy to address this. PeopleSuN is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the funding initiative ‘Client II - International Partnerships for Sustainable Innovations. In this data descriptor, we present primary survey data collected to fill this and other gaps through the ‘People Power: Optimizing off-grid electricity supply systems in Nigeria’ project (PeopleSuN)’ 6. Data describing the energy access deficit in Nigeria exists (see Table 1), however, there is limited disaggregate information describing the supply quality in the existing network and the unmet demand in ‘un-electrified’ regions. While global efforts are accelerating under the banner of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) by 2030, progress in Nigeria remains hindered by limited data availability, among other barriers. Plagued by issues of supply quality, many Nigerians have resorted to self-generation using petrol and diesel generators, spending approximately 1.56 trillion Naira (3.76 billion USD, using an average exchange rate in 2021) per year on fuel 5. In comparison, the annual per capita consumption in Ghana and South Africa is respectively 351 kWh and 4,198 kWh. The average grid-connected household receives just 6.6 hours of supply on a typical day, linked to a per capita consumption of just 144kWh per year 4. On average, 32.8 power outages were reported to occur in a typical month leading to an estimated 11% loss in sales value 3. The Nigeria Enterprise Survey from the World Bank showed that 27% of Nigerian firms identified reliability of electricity supply as the main obstacle to their business 3. Where there is supply, it is typically unreliable and frequently interrupted by blackouts. At the same time, nearly 30 million Nigerian households depend on wood as a source of cooking fuel, the collection of which is time consuming and mainly done by women 2. According to the World Bank, the electricity access rate in Nigeria stood at 55.4% in 2020 with a big gap between urban and rural areas (83.9% vs. Rural and peri-urban populations in Nigeria continue to suffer unreliable and expensive energy supply. We encourage academic use of the data presented and suggest three avenues of further research: (1) modelling appliance ownership likelihoods, electricity consumption levels and energy service needs in un-electrified regions (2) identifying supply-side and demand-side solutions to address high usage of diesel generators (3) exploring broader issues of multi-dimensional energy access, access to decent living standards and climate vulnerability. Our surveys collect data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, energy access and supply quality, electrical appliance ownership and usage time, cooking solutions, energy related capabilities, and supply preferences. The sample is designed to be representative of rural and peri-urban grid-electrified regions of each zone. Across three Nigerian geopolitical zones, a total of 3,599 households and 1,122 small and medium-sized enterprises were surveyed. We present a household and enterprise energy survey dataset collected within the framework of the PeopleSuN project in Nigeria in 2021.
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